Ferrochrome
Medium- and low-carbon ferrochrome smelting also adopts oxygen-blowing method, that is, oxygen is directly blown into liquid high-carbon ferrochrome to decarbonize it. During blowing, a small amount of lime and fluorite are added to the molten bath to make slag, and silicochromium or ferrosilicon is added before tapping to recover chromium in ...
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(PDF) An Overview of the Reduction-Smelting …
This study gave an overview of the reduction-smelting process as a third generational alternative for the modern-day iron and steelmaking process whose hallmark is to mitigate the disadvantages ...
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Reductant Formation Enthalpy in DC Ferrochrome Smelting …
McCullough S, Hockaday S, Johnson C, Barcza NA (2010) Pre-reduction and smelting characteristics of Kazakhstan ore samples. In: Paper presented at Infacon XII, Helsinki, Finland. Google Scholar Oterdoom HJ et al (2018) (2018) High carbon ferrochrome smelting in a DC furnace: smelt small stuff and stop sintering.
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High Carbon Ferrochrome Technology
The most common production technology utilized is submerged arc smelting in AC furnaces, although open arc smelting in DC furnaces is becoming increasingly common. A …
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ZimAlloys Revives Smelting, Targets 120,000 Tonnes Annual Ferrochrome …
ZimAlloys was once a dominant player in Zimbabwe's ferrochrome industry but faced significant challenges in the early 2010s. After the company ceased smelting operations in 2013, it entered judicial management for nearly eight years due to financial difficulties and an inability to meet obligations to local and foreign creditors.
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Energy and exergy analyses of pellet smelting systems of …
Ferrochrome alloy is an important raw material for steel industry and its smelting technology is one of the most energy intensive processes in modern industry characterized by large energy consumption and high releasing green …
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ferrochrome; all you need to know about it
The production of ferrochrome involves a complex smelting process, usually carried out in electric arc furnaces. The process converts chromite ore (composed mainly of chromium oxide)) into ferrochrome, an alloy of iron and chromium. Here is a simplified overview of the ferrochrome production process: 1. Mining and Beneficiation
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Introduction to Ferrochrome: Composition, Uses, …
Overall, the smelting process for ferrochrome is energy-intensive and requires precise control of temperature, chemistry, and process parameters to ensure the production of high-quality alloy suitable for diverse industrial …
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Simulation-based life cycle assessment of ferrochrome smelting
Ferrochrome slag is a common industrial solid waste produced during the smelting of chromite in submerged arc furnaces [8]. In the current production process, for every 1 ton of ferrochrome alloy manufactured, approximately 2.5 tons to 2.6 tons of chromite are consumed, resulting in the production of 1 ton to 1.2 tons of ferrochrome slag[9,10].
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Ferrochromium Smelting In Zimbabwe
Ferrochrome Smelting in Zimbabwe 2. agglomeration, 3. The growth in the base metals and steel industry has precipitated worldwide volatility in the price of metallurgical reductants, 4. Logistical infrastructure (road/rail) is increasingly being strained by stronger demand, 20
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Review on Preparation of Medium- and Low-carbon …
carbon ferrochrome and summarizes the preparation methods and the influence factors in the smelting process including reduction temperature, reduction time, the reduction agent, and alkalinity. Keywords Chromite Smelting method Medium- and low-carbon ferrochrome Influence factors T. Hu H. Liu B. Liu L. Dai (&) L. Zhang S. Guo
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Production of Ferro-Chrome
Smelting of HC Fe-Cr ferro-alloy. HC Fe-Cr and charge chrome are normally produced by the conventional smelting process utilizing carbo-thermic reduction of chromite ore (consisting oxides of Cr and Fe) using an electric submerged arc furnace (SAF) or a DC (direct current) open arc electric furnace.
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Smelting method of ferrochrome
Ferrochrome is an important raw material of stainless steel production, so it is mainly used in the field of stainless steel production, today to introduce the production of ferrochrome leaf ...
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Mechanism of the Direct Reduction of Chromite …
Direct reduction of chromite (DRC) is a promising alternative process for ferrochrome production with the potential to significantly reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional smelting.
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ASPECTS OF SAF SMELTING OF FERROCHROME
the reactions occurring during ferrochrome smelting by submerged arc furnace technologies. The approach taken in the review is to specifically follow and examine the reaction steps that result in the formation of metal. From investigations of excavated quenched submerged arc furnaces, …
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Smelting of high-carbon ferrochrome from chromium
In a test melts, high-carbon ferrochrome is produced from chrome sinter and chrome-ore fines in an arc electrofurnace. Two types of sinter with the best performance—the best sintering rate, strength, and product yield—are studied. It is demonstrated by experimental melts that high-carbon ferrochrome can be produced from proposed agglomerates. An …
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Value Extraction from Ferrochrome Slag: A Thermochemical …
The valorization of slag from the production of high-carbon ferrochrome is a challenge for ferrochrome producers. The recycling of high-carbon ferrochrome slag was explored through the smelting route to recover Fe–Si–Al–Cr alloys and reengineer the residual slag for alumina-enriched refractory material. In this research, the focus was to reduce the SiO2% and …
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Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of …
THE INCORPORATION OF SECONDARY AND RECYCLED MATERIALS IN A PRIMARY SMELTING FLOWSHEET Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of High-Carbon Ferrochrome Production WENJING WEI,1,2,3 PETER B. SSON,1 PA¨RG.JO¨ NSSON,1 RUTGER GYLLENRAM,1,2 and BJO¨ RN GLASER1 1.—Department of Materials Science and …
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Technology Innovations in the Smelting of Chromite Ore
The increasing costs of electric energy and thus the need to reduce the energy required to produce ferrochrome from chromite ore have spurred the innovations in the technologies used for smelting chromite ore. These technologies (Conventional smelting process, Outokumpu process, DC arc route, and Premus process) have been reviewed in this work. Premus process has …
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DC Ferrochrome Smelting: The Arcing Zone and Its Influence …
Phenomena between the electrode tip, the arc attachment zone (AAZ), and the bath below the AAZ—taken together as arc attachment volume (AAV)—have a significant …
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Energy and exergy analyses of pellet smelting systems of …
Ferrochrome alloy is an important raw material for steel industry and its smelting technology is one of the most energy intensive processes in modern industry characterized by large energy consumption and high releasing green-house gas emission (Zhang et al., 2017; Tong et al., 2019). With the fast depletion of chromium ore resources, the ...
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Al Tamman Ferro Alloys (FZC) LLC
The Installed capacity of the smelting plant is 75,000 mtpa high carbon Ferrochrome. ATFA have a dedicated Solar power power plant of 25 MW capacity. The Company is a 50:50 Joint Venture between Muscat Overseas Group of Oman and LL-Resources Austria and was setup with the objective to tap the potential of chrome ore reserves in Oman by ...
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The Transformation of Ferrochromium Smelting …
A major part of new process technology has been launched in ferrochrome production. Especially in 1980'ies there was seen strong interest in research and implementation of new methods, …
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Enabling CO2 neutral metallurgy for ferrochromium …
Hamuyuni, J. et al. Simulation-based life cycle assessment of ferrochrome smelting technologies to determine environmental impacts. J. Clean. Prod. 295, 126503 (2021).
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Composition and Cr- and Fe-speciation of dust generated …
The differences between the composition of dusts generated during ferrochrome smelting and the feed composition reflects the relative proportion of feed-material dust particles, including lime derivative of the limestone flux, slag, and spherules in the dusts captured at different points in the smelter.
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Evaluation and synergy of material and energy in the smelting …
Ferrochrome is widely used for stainless steel. The smelting technology for ferrochrome has attracted much attention [1]. The smelting process suffers from high energy consumption and a large amount of by-product. Recovering waste energy and improving energy efficiency are ultimate aims for investigating the smelting process [2, 3].
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Mechanism of the Direct Reduction of Chromite Process as a …
Ferrochrome is typically produced by the smelting of chromite ore in electric arc furnaces. Conventional smelting processes are energy intensive with variable energy consumptions from about 3 to 7 MWh per ton ferrochrome produced with the lower range belonging to most advanced technologies like closed submerged arc furnace with oxidized or prereduced pellet feeds and …
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A critical review of the material characteristics, utilizations
Ferrochrome slag is a common industrial solid waste produced during the smelting of chromite in submerged arc furnaces [8].In the current production process, for every 1 ton of ferrochrome alloy manufactured, approximately 2.5 tons to 2.6 tons of chromite are consumed, resulting in the production of 1 ton to 1.2 tons of ferrochrome slag [9], [10]. ...
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Evaluation and synergy of material and energy in the smelting …
The smelting technology for ferrochrome has attracted much attention [1]. The smelting process suffers from high energy consumption and a large amount of by-product. Recovering waste energy and improving energy efficiency are ultimate aims for investigating the smelting process [2,3]. Chromite ore quality is linked with both smelting process ...
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Simulation of Ferrochrome Settling Behavior in a …
The ferrochrome settling behavior significantly affects the smelting performance of a submerged arc furnace. This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) transient mathematical model simulating the complex multiphase flow and thermochemical phenomena inside an industrial furnace. Via the model, the smelting phenomena are clarified in terms of …
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