Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol: Synthesis of Alkenes
Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol Jalacia Eackels 5 July 2020 Introduction: The purpose of this lab experiment was to synthesize an alkene from an alcohol being that alcohols are easily dehydrated with the help of a catalyst to increase the rate of the reaction. The alcohol used in this experiment was 2-methylcyclohexanol. Three products will form as a result of an …
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(PDF) Hydration of bentonite in natural waters: Application …
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the effects of the cation saturation (Mg +, Ca +, Li +, Na +, and K +) on the swelling-shrinkage behaviour of the MX80 bentonite. ... These corrections were important during the latter stages of bentonite hydration when advanced swelling led to improved particle orientation and diffraction intensity ...
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(PDF) Hydration Studies of Bentonite Clay
Bentonite clay when hydrated increases its volume several fold to form a pliable mass. X-ray diffraction showed that as hydration increases, the crystalline peaks due to kaolinite, calcite and...
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The Hydration Characteristics of Bentonite Buffer Barrier …
The extent of the joint's healing is related primarily to the type of joint (as shown in Fig. 2), the type of compacted bentonite blocks, the infiltration fluid's chemical properties (Pekala et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2024), and the joint's sealing material.Numerous research results have shown that the joint area may close eventually as the hydrated bentonite blocks expand when …
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Numerical study on the hydrodynamic properties of bentonite …
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the flow characteristics of bentonite slurries with different polymer contents using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Mixtures of sodium bentonite powder, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and water in different ratios were prepared, and a series of indoor rheological tests were conducted.
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Water retention behavior and microstructural evolution of GMZ bentonite
Compared with compacted block, the bentonite granules (BG) were increasingly considered as feasible sealing materials for deep geological disposal, due to its superior operationality and installation efficiency. However, further studies are needed to assess the hydraulic response and microstructural evolution of BG. This work focused on the water …
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The hydration of bentonite buffer material revealed by …
The hydration of a bentonite barrier in the early stage of a geologic nuclear waste repository with a bentonite buffer is a critical issue for its long-term performance and safety …
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Application of bentonite in cement-based composites: A …
BT is a malleable clay with high absorbency, capable of expanding up to 20 times its initial size upon water contact. It is a natural pozzolan [13] and is often categorized into sodium (high-swelling), calcium (low-swelling), and intermediate types containing both sodium and calcium ions.As a result, the properties of mortars and concrete will differ depending on the …
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(PDF) Hydration of bentonite in natural waters: Application …
During the hydration of compacted Na-bentonite in both ground and sea water, roughly equal quantities of both interlayer and non-interlayer water enter the material.
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Water retention characteristics of granular and powder …
In this paper, the water retention of commercially available powder bentonite and granular bentonite used in the GCL are determined by direct measurement using tensiometer and …
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Hydration and dehydration of water of bentonite: A solid …
Molecular-level interactions of interlayer water near the montmorillonite surfaces were investigated on commercial bentonite using solid-state 1 H magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. It was observed that when the water content was higher than about 3 wt%, the chemical shift of samples increases as the increase in water content, while it decreases when …
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(PDF) Physical evolution of a bentonite buffer during 18 …
Physical evolution of a bentonite buffer during 18 years of heating and hydration
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the purpose of hydration of bentonite
The effects of exchanged cation compression heating and hydration. The clay dehydration up to 150 °C and then the release of the water of the cation hydration shell in the temperature range of 150 300 °C were followed by dehydroxilation between 300 and 700 °C after which no water remains in the bentonite structure Additional features observed at elevated temperatures were …
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HYDRATION BEHAVIOR OF MX80 BENTONITE IN A …
The objective of the present study was to investigate commercial bentonite MX80 hydration rates and mechanisms during water infiltration into dry, moist, and wet samples using …
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Installation of PVC Wells and Grouting – Water Well Journal
Class A and B: Applications: General purpose, moderate sulfate resistance Class C: Applications: ... These can create hot spots where the heat of hydration can be significant. Often bentonite chips or fine sand are placed on top of the filter pack prior to grouting to prevent cement from migrating into the filter pack. Often 2 feet of fine ...
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Properties of Bentonite Slurry Drilling Fluid in Shallow …
The bentonite hydration swelling is shown in Figure 12, where the volume ... We increase the concentration of 200-purpose AEH-P on 2.5 μm pores and increase the concentration of 500-purpose AEH-P on 8 μm pores and 20–25 μm pores. The experiments are as follows: ①8% bentonite slurry drilling fluid + 8% AEH-P (200 mesh) through 2.5 μm ...
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(PDF) Hydration Studies of Bentonite Clay
Hydration-dehydration behaviour of bentonite, consisting mostly of montmorillonite, has been widely studied in view of heat storage uses [310,313,[316][317] [318] [319][320]. Konta compared ...
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Mechanisms of crystalline swelling in bentonite buffer …
Subsequently, the influx of water molecules acts as the driving force for crystalline swelling. Finally, the relationship between the hydration behavior of bentonite and …
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Mechanisms of crystalline swelling in bentonite buffer …
Finally, the relationship between the hydration behavior of bentonite and montmorillonite was analyzed, providing valuable insights into the mineralogical mechanisms underlying Na-Mt swelling. ... For this purpose, the evolutions of interaction energy, water density and molecular migration in Na-Mt interlayer were captured. Peng et al. (2019) ...
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Effect of drilling mud bentonite contents on the fluid loss …
Commercially available bentonite was used in preparing the drilling muds. The particle size distribution of the bentonite is compared to the field clay soil in Fig. 1. In the bentonite ther was 84% clay particles (<2 μm) compared to 40% clay in the field soil. Bentonite content in the drilling mud was varied between 2% and 8% by the weight of ...
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The relationship between swelling and shear strength …
For this purpose, granular bentonite Volclay was chosen for laboratory testing. Its mineralogical composition was predominantly montmorillonite (80% - 85% by mass). The correlation between swelling and water content on one side and changes in shear strength i.e. shear strength parameters on the other were tested using a direct shear device ...
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Part II. Water Well Construction
One purpose of conductor casing is to hold the annular space open during well drilling and during the placement of the well casing and annular seal. ... Water added to bentonite for hydration shall be of suitable quality and free of …
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Pressure infiltration characteristics of bentonite slurry …
The two kinds of salty slurry that were tested are: a non-pre-hydrated slurry, made by mixing the bentonite with freshwater and seawater (mixing 20 min in a 10,000-rpm high-speed mixer) and following hydration of 24 h and a pre-hydrated slurry, fabricated by the process of mixing bentonite and freshwater—stiffening for 24 h—mixing with seawater—hydrating for 24 h.
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On the evolution of hydration cracks of compacted bentonite …
As the last man-made barrier serving the purpose of seepage control (i.e., prevent the water infiltration and radionuclide migration) and heat conduction, bentonite is generally selected as the buffer/backfill material due to its high swelling ability, low permeability, high radionuclide retardation capacity, high mechanical stability and high ...
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Physical evolution of a bentonite buffer during 18 years …
The increase over time of the needed power was caused by a thermal conductivity increase associated to the bentonite hydration. The temperatures measured in the barrier just before the partial dismantling in 2002 are shown in Fig. 3. The steady temperatures in the bentonite were between 100 °C and 36 °C in the sections around the heaters ...
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Time- and density-dependent microstructure features of compacted bentonite
For this purpose, an annular seal composed of compacted bentonite was installed between the heated zone and the access gallery (Seal Test in Fig. 1). The bentonite bricks are expected to swell upon hydration, filling the initial technological voids (which have been estimated at 6.9% after installation) and compensating for the deformation of ...
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Cracking and sealing behavior of the compacted bentonite …
The voids, meanwhile, provided a large expandable space for bentonite, generating a loose hydration product characterized with high water content and low dry density. Conversely, bentonite located in the relatively center part was surrounded with other dense bentonite, resulting in more difficulties for infiltrating and less space for swelling ...
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
The hydration of a bentonite barrier in the early stage of a geologic nuclear waste repository with a bentonite buffer is a critical issue for its long-term performance and safety because bentonite …
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Rheological characteristics of Ultra-High performance …
Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of bentonite on the rheological properties, mechanical properties, and microstructure of UHPC, which focuses on the effect and mechanism of bentonite on rheological parameters. ... Lastly, the effects of bentonite on the hydration kinetics and microstructure of UHPC are evaluated by ...
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Deformation and water/gas flow properties of claystone/bentonite …
Main findings include: (1) the hydration and induced swelling of the mixtures are mainly dominated by bentonite content and dry density; (2) the consolidation decreases the porosity and water permeability exponentially by 2–3 orders of magnitude to low values of 10 −18-10 −20 m 2 at stresses of 2–5 MPa, depending upon bentonite content ...
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